Determination Of Vitamin C Content Of Tablet Essay

ABSTRACT In this experiment, the vitamin C content of a commercial tablet is determined and compared with the manufacturers’ specification. Vitamin C is water-soluble and is an enantiomer of ascorbic acid. (Commercial vitamin C is often a mixture of ascorbic acid and other ascorbates.) Ascorbic acid, C6H8O6, is a reducing agent that reacts rapidly with iodine (I2). As the iodine is added during the titration, the ascorbic acid is oxidized to dehydroascorbic acid, while the iodine is reduced to iodide ions as shown in the following equation. Ascorbic acid + I2 (aq) ———–> 2I- (aq) + dehydroascorbic acid Due to this reaction, the iodine formed is immediately reduced to iodide as long as there is any ascorbic acid present. The amount of ascorbic acid is determined by the stoichiometry of the equations and the difference between the total amount of iodine present and the amount that reacts with the thiosulphate. This method is suitable for use with vitamin C tablets, fresh or packaged fruit juices and solid fruits and vegetables. INTRODUCTION Vitamins are a group of small molecular compounds that are essential nutrients in many multi-cellular organisms, and humans in particular. L-Ascorbic acid was first isolated as a pure substance by Albert Azent-Gyorgi and Charles Kingin 1928 (Pauling, 1970), an anti-oxidant and free radical scavenger, is found ubiquitously in fruit and vegetables such as citrus fruits (oranges, lemons, limes, tangerines etc.), melons, tomatoes, peppers, broccoli, green leafy vegetables such as spinach, potatoes and turnips, its quantitative determination is especially important in the production of wine, beer, milk, soft drinks and fruit juices, where it can be a quality indicator (Gerrior & Zizza, 1994)] .Given the essential role played in the human diet and necessary to growth and repair of tissues in all parts of human body .It is necessary to form collagen an important skin proteins ,scar tissue ,tendons, ligaments, and blood vessels. Vitamin C  is essential for the healing of wounds, and for th e repair and maintenance of cartilage, bones and teeth (Mcevoy, 1993) one of the several ways of determining the ascorbic acid content of a solution is by titration. Figure structure of vitamin c (ascorbic acid) Titration is a volumetric analysis and is one of the basic analytical techniques in chemistry which enables one to quantitatively determine how much of a specific substance is contained in a given sample. This technique is involved in almost every aspects of our daily living such as life sciences, clinical chemistry, water pollution, industrial analyses etc. In order to make meaningful titration analysis, one has to understand and learn the principles involved. Several types of titration techniques are now available but, two general types which are still in much use are acid-base and reduction-oxidation (Redox). Acid-base titration involves the neutralization reaction and the products are generally salt and water. Redox titrations involve the titration of an oxidizing agent (or oxidant) with a reducing agent (or reductant) or vice versa. Oxidation process involves loss of electrons while reduction process involves gain of electrons. Thus an oxidizing agent is one which accepts electr ons while a reducing agent is one which loses the electrons. There must be a sufficiently large difference between the oxidizing and reducing capabilities of these agents for the reaction to undergo completion with a sharp end point. MATERIALS AND METHOD 250-mL conical flask Vitamin C tablets 400-mL beaker KBrO2 solution 50-mL, 25ml and 10ml measuring cylinder 10% KI solution 50-mL burette with stand 2.0 M H2SO4 solution Glass stirring rod Starch indicator Analytical balance A. STANDARDIZATION OF SODIUM THIOSULPHATE 1. A standard titration setup was framed up using a stand, a burette clamp and a white tile Figure 2 setup for titration (Courtesy of http://www.chemteach.ac.nz) 2. A burette was rinsed with distilled water and then with the given sodium thiosulphate solution. 3. With the stopcock closed, the rinsed burette was fully filled up with the sodium thiosulphate solution and then the stopcock was opened so that the tip of the burette was also allowed to be filled up. The initial burette volume was recorded to an accuracy of 2 decimal places 4. A 25.00cm3 pipette was rinsed with distilled water, and then with KBrO3 solution. 5. 25.00cm3 of standard solution of KBrO3 was transferred to a clean conical flask using the rinsed pipette. 6. Using a 25cm3 measuring cylinder, 25ml of 2M H2SO4 was transferred into the conical flask containing the KBrO3 solution. 7. Using a 10ml measuring cylinder, 5ml of 10% KI solution was also added to the conical flask containing the KBrO3 solution. 8. Immediately, the reaction mixture in the conical flask was titrated with the sodium thiosulphate solution until a pale yellow solution was observed. 9. A few drops of starch solution were added to the pale yellow solution in the conical flask. 10. Titration of the mixture was continued until the solution changed from dark blue to colorless. The final burette reading, accurate to 2 decimal places, was recorded. the volume of the sodium thiosulphate solution added was calculated 11. Apart from the first trial, 2 more successive titrations were carried out. The burette was refilled in between runs when the volume remaining was not enough for a complete titration. B. ANALYSIS OF VITAMIN C TABLETS Figure 3 vitamin c tablets (Courtesy of lule.blogspot.com) 1. A tablet of vitamin c was transferred into a 250ml conical flask and  approximately 40cm3 of 2M H2SO4 was added. The tablet was then crushed to dissolve until a solution formed. 2. Using a measuring cylinder, 10cm3 of 10% KI solution was added to the tablet solution and 25cm3 of standard KIO3 solution was pipetted in to the flask. 3. The solution was then immediately titrated with standard thiosulphate solution in the burette until the dark color changed to the original color of the tablet. 4. This procedure was repeated with 2 more samples of the tablet. 5. The volume of sodium thiosulphate used in each titration was recorded and the average volume was calculated. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS TRIALS INITIAL READINGS FINAL READINGS TITRE VOLUME AVERAGE TITER 1 0.85 33.60 32.75 32.33 2 0.80 33.10 32.30 3 14.85 46.80 31.95 Table results from standardization of sodium thiosulphate (A) Number of moles of KBrO3 in 25cm3 solution = [this formula is used because the molarity of the solution is given and the volume is known]  0.00964Ãâ€"0.025=0.000241mol Mass of KBrO3 solution used= [this formula is used in deriving the mass of a substance when the no. of moles is given (or derived)]=0.000241molÃâ€"167g/mol=0.040247g= 40.25mg Concentration of KBrO3 = No. of moles of Na2S2O3 required for one titration = 0.00241molÃâ€"6= 0.01446mol Moles of I2 liberated = 2.41Ãâ€"10-4 moles Concentration of Na2S2O3= 0.298mol/dm3 TRIALS INITIAL READINGS FINAL READINGS TITRE VOLUME AVERAGE TITER 1 8.80 11.70 2.90 3.43 2 11.70 15.20 3.50 3 15.20 19.10 3.90 Table 2 results from vitamin C analysis (B) Brand of vitamin C: Cenovis Manufacturer’s specification of vitamin c tablet: 1000mg of vitamin c per tablet Molar mass of vitamin C (C6H8O6) = 12Ãâ€"6+1Ãâ€"8+16Ãâ€"6=176g/mol Balanced Equation for reaction = KIO3+5KI+3H2SO4→ 3I2+3H2O+3K2SO4 Number of moles of KIO3 in 25cm3 solution = 0.00100 mol Moles of I2 produced by 25cm3 of KIO3= 0.00100Ãâ€"3= 0.003 moles No of moles of Na2S2O3 needed to react with excess I2 Moles of I2 that reacted with sodium thiosulphate No. of mole of Na2S2O3 = No. of mole of original I2 – no. of mole of excess I2 =0.000723- 0.0005=0.000223mol No. of mole of I2 that reacted with ascorbic acid = 0.006-0.0005 = 0.0055 Mass of ascorbic acid = 176Ãâ€"0.0055= 0.92g =920mg CONCLUSION The experiment was successfully carried out and the results were encouraging. The analysis of the vitamin c content of the Cenovis tablet was carried out using titration. The vitamin c tablet was crushed into a conical flask and specific amounts of KI and KIO3 were added. The solution was then titrated with standard thiosulphate solution until the required color was derived. The results were recorded and calculations to determine the amount of ascorbic acid in each tablet was also successfully done. However the results  from the experiment showed different values from the manufacturer’s specifications. The manufacturer (Cenovis) claims that each vitamin c tablet contains 1000mg of ascorbic acid while this experiment shows otherwise. After calculations were done, the experiment found each vitamin c tablet to be containing about 920mg of ascorbic acid which is below the manufacturer’s specification. However this error could be as a result of different factors; 1. The ma nufacturer of the tablet made wrong analysis of the tablet. 2. This experiment contained errors which arose from wrong reading of instruments, wrong calibration of instruments, or errors in uncertainty. Works Cited Gerrior, S., & Zizza, C. (1994). Nutrient content of the U.S food supply, 1909-1990. Washington D.C: U.S department of Agriculture. Mcevoy, G. (1993). Drug information the american hospital formulary service. American society of health-system pharmacist. Pauling, l. (1970). vitamin c and the common cold. studymode.js. (2010). commercial vitamin c tablet analysis. Retrieved from studymode: http://www.studymode.com/essays/Commercial-Vitamin-c-Tablets-Analysis-470526.html

If You Can Have Dinner with Any People

There has been a time when I have always wondered what it would be like to have dinner with people who inspire me. I have thought long and hard about 3 people who give me motivation to be all I can be. Growing up as a Latin woman in NYC has made me want to be a successful woman. I want to see the world and help others in need. I have chosen to have dinner with Rata Moreno a Latin woman from Human, Puerco Rice. My Grandparent's are from Human, a small town about 45 miss from the capital.Human is full of land , nature, tall mountains and amazing culture. I also would love for Audrey Hepburn to Join us followed by Anita Rowdier. These three women are very influential in many ways and I can relate to them. The dinner I have chosen for us will be full of colorful foods. Salads, pastas, cheese, seafood and wine. Rata Moreno loves to dance and I am sure she will be the life of the party. I come from a big Puerco Rican family like Rata also from Human and we love to dance, cook and enjoy qua lity time.We can turn anything small into a festivity. Moreno has a similar background; she grew up very poor and was forced to move to the slums of NYC only to find herself a bit lost. Rite's mom made a living so that Rata can focus on school and her career. Like most Puerco Rican families from the ass's and ass's they work extremely hard to have a better life. Rata went on got an education and pursue her career. She found herself in Show business acting and playing roles as a minority. She landed her famous role as Anita from West side story.The first and only Latin woman in History and one of the few performers to have won an Emmy, a Grammar, an Oscar, and a Tony, and was the second Puerco Rican to win an Academy Award. Rata is also involved in the Jack Robinson Foundation to give children a better schooling system. Audrey Hepburn is a classic woman of Hollywood who is also an immigrant from Belgium growing up it was not always easy but she came from a middle class family. Audrey grew up most of her life in boarding schools and nannies this was during the world war 2.

Comparison Matrix Essay

Within the comparison matrix, the author will provide information from three empirical articles. The articles were titled, Transformational Leadership in the Public Sector: Does Structure Matter? (Pandey and Wright, 2009), The Effect of Transactional and Transformational Leadership Styles on the Organizational Commitment and Job Satisfaction of Customer Contact Personnel (Barker and Emory, 2007), and Empirical Research on Ethnic Minority Students: 1995–2009 (Vasquez III, E. , Lopez, A. , Straub, C. , Powell, S. , McKinney, T. , Walker, Z. , and Bedesem, P. L. , 2011). The first article provides information on the public sector, and the transformational style of administration. It shows that there is no true influence on the behavior of management (Pandey and Wright, 2009). Within the second article was not only discussion on the transformational style of leadership, but transactional leadership as well. This article offered a comparison of the two styles and the impact on performance and satisfaction while on the job (Barker and Emory, 2007). Lastly, the third article focused on actual empirical research and the effect it has on minorities. It covered a fifteen-year span (Vasquez III, E. , Lopez, A. Straub, C. , Powell, S. , McKinney, T. , Walker, Z. , and Bedesem, P. L. , 2011). This essay is meant to review the specific areas that were exhibited in the matrix in order to gain a better understanding of how to compile and complete a substantive comparison with realistic and verifiable information. While reading the essay the following comparisons will be covered, research questions posed, sample populations, and the limitations of the research. Comparison of research questions All of the articles present supported questions. In the first article, the author raised the question of the public and transformational leadership. It mentioned that a transformational leadership that is structured at a high level may have the ability to alter the way an employee performs. The makeup of an organization operating under Transactional leadership can influence the amount of rewards given to individuals. Additionally, the weakness of communication can influence behavior as it pertains to transformational leadership (Pandey and Wright, 2009). Meanwhile, the research conducted in the second article asked for the association when dealing with the attitude, satisfaction, and commitment of employees. It asks for the affiliation between two surrogates of employee attitude types. In addition to this, it speaks on the dimensions of transformational and transactional leadership and how they assist with defining and examining the actual impact on the attitude of the employee. Lastly, the affiliation between positive employee attitudes and transformational and transactional leadership. Respectable directors inspire and motivate employee groups to unearth an innovative way of doing something (Barker and Emory, 2007). The last article is not about leadership styles, but the effect of research and minorities. The article identified and counted the number of published empirical articles in each of the issues reviewed. Additionally, it identified articles by using four categories to narrow the data identified, and lastly the methodological characteristics of the articles (Vasquez III, E. , Lopez, A. , Straub, C. , Powell, S. , McKinney, T. , Walker, Z. , and Bedesem, P. L. , 2011). Comparison of the Sample Populations Each of the populations varied in size and format. Article one used 1,322 high-level public administrators in municipalities exceeding 50,000 residents (Pandey and Wright, 2009). Whereas article two, used 77 branch managers from three regional banking organizations and 47 store managers from one national food chain(Barker and Emory, 2007). Lastly, article 3 used four specific journals which circulate principal research pertaining to special education and those with a learning disabilities, and used a specific time frame from 1995-2009 (Vasquez III, E. , Lopez, A. , Straub, C. , Powell, S. , McKinney, T. , Walker, Z. , and Bedesem, P. L. , 2011). This clearly shows that one can use multiple means and respondents in order to compile information as long as it can be proven at the conclusion of the research. Comparison of the Limitations When looking at any form of research the limitations must be taken into account. As it pertains to article one, a limitation may be that the typical age of those who responded was fifty years old. In addition, the fact that they were generally Caucasian, which may cause bias, was another. Ironically, a lot of areas in which the study was conducted, only had three individuals respond, this may not be symbolic of the thoughts of other direct statements. Moreover, a condensed number of inquiries were used to assist with minimizing the size of the actual survey; this may have caused false identification of leaders who were transformational (Pandey and Wright, 2009). In article two, one limitation may be gender bias. There were less females then males in the study. In addition, males may act differently towards female managers and females may act differently towards male managers (Barker and Emory, 2007). Finally, the third articles limitations are the fact that there are multiple students who are assisting with the study, and that each student must participate without individual bias (Vasquez III, E. , Lopez, A. , Straub, C. , Powell, S. , McKinney, T. , Walker, Z. , and Bedesem, P. L. , 2011). Conclusion Contained in the comparison matrix were characteristics of three investigations conducted by various researchers. Pandey and Wright suggest that public organizations are not as bureaucratic as stereotypically believed and that the performance measures in place support higher levels of transformational leadership in these organizations than might be expected based on their hierarchical structures. The argument is plausible established on the necessity for groups to be flexible in order to be motivated (Pandey and Wright, 2009). Barker and Emory, 2007, suggested that a key influence in customer service and the retaining staff members is the actual attitude of those who are employed. The way in which the staff portrays the leadership will determine their commitment and positive outlook. The author builds a conceivable argument based on the association of commitment on as it pertains to the organization, and satisfaction of both customers and employees (Barker and Emory, 2007). Lastly, Vasquez III, E. , Lopez, A. , Straub, C. , Powell, S. , McKinney, T. , Walker, Z. , and Bedesem, P.  L. classified how frequently research conveys and disaggregates statistics in a manner that would back conclusions about certain ethnic minority groupings. The authors suggest that education should be recognized as being twofold. They feel that instructors must afford students with basic understanding and skill sets which are necessary to in order to benefit from accelerated opportunities in education. Furthermore, the authors suggest that instructors must prepare students to meet life’s challenges and have the ability to actively contribute to our society. The authors build a conceivable argument based on the need for educators to ensure that every student has the chance to succeed in school, despite locality, gender, race, socioeconomic status, or disability(Vasquez III, E. , Lopez, A. , Straub, C. , Powell, S. , McKinney, T. , Walker, Z. , and Bedesem, P. L. , 2011). Based on all of the research shown there is a true need for confidence, inspiration, and presentation of a true understanding of the data being collected and delivered. The data that is revealed may determine the actual thoughts of the reader. All research should be valid and unbiased.

Rich Pictures and Use Cases as analysis tool Article

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Scottish Development International and Scotland Research Paper

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Anthropology (Last of the Neanderthals) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anthropology (Last of the Neanderthals) - Essay Example Therefore the original geographic range of the Neanderthals extended to northeastern Europe. They most probably have gotten this information on geographic range and population through fossils excavated in specific areas that qualified as a part of the past geographic area for Neanderthals, or perhaps any new site. Mitrochondrial DNA must have been extracted from the fossils and if the results match the ones previously found from Neanderthals, then such a case is documented. In order to determine the population estimate, the size of the geographic area as well as the possible number of inhabitants or communities might be taken into consideration. 2. What does the genetic evidence reveal about the relationship between modern humans and Neanderthals? Discuss the significance of this evidence (use at least two examples)? Do you think modern humans and Neanderthals interbreed? Why or why not? Geneticist Svante Paabo disagreed that there was interbreeding between Neanderthals and humans. Using a 40,000-year-old arm bone from the original Neanderthal man, Paabo and his colleagues found â€Å"a tiny 378-letter snippet of mitochondrial DNA (a kind of short genetic appendix to the main text in each cell† (Hall), which revealed DNA that was totally different from those found in humans. Moreover, the fact that â€Å"it was too rare to leave a trace of Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA in the cells of living people† (Hall) further strengthens Paabo’s claims. Another significant genetic evidence concerning Neanderthals was the discovery of the Neanderthal pigmentation gene MC1R in October 2007. This indicated that â€Å"at least some Neanderthals would have had red hair, pale skin, and, possibly, freckles† (Hall). On the possibility of interbreeding, I rather agree with the views of Svante Paabo that it might have been impossible. Otherwise, there would have been hybrids of humans and Neanderthals which might look distinct from its

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Event management - Coursework Example Event Management in Hotels Hotels cater to a specific set of events, mostly wedding, social and corporate related, which is why they all have ballrooms and seminar/conference halls, meeting rooms and boardrooms with office supplies to cater to this audience. Hotels today also have event planners specifically to take care of the needs of their customers’ events. There are very many organizations that operate within the events sectors that hotels would need to liaison with. From production houses to sound and light technicians, to suppliers of various products like florists, bakers, printers to DJs or musicians and entertainers, anything can be required at an event. People today look not only at convenience, but they know what they want. What they really need is the friendly event planner that will ensure their event flows smoothly and will cater to all their needs. There are various types of organizations that work within the event sector. ... Next come Suppliers. ‘Suppliers’ is a very broad term to describe the various items that an event may require. Right from decorations to party favors, there are companies that specialize in producing custom made items for every type of event, such as Wright Event Supplies and Event Supplies. These are the two main industries within the event industry spectrum. It may also involve the need for entertainers and other service suppliers based on the type of event. Other organizations hosting events There are various other organizations that host events, such as parks and schools. These differ from hotels in hosting events, in various ways. For starters, the clientele is completely different, and so, the planning execution must be too. Hosting events involves a lot of ‘Plan B’ arrangements, or Crisis Management. You never know what will go wrong and it is essential that arrangements be made for almost any accident or unfortunate occurrence. Especially in places l ike schools and parks, where the clientele may as well be children, over stiff corporate form the hotels, event managers must always be prepared. Trends in Event Management A major development in the Event industry is that of use of better technology. Be it in the production or printing, people are using new developments in technology for all sorts of events. New technology may also be used in entertainment, communication and connectivity, not to mention ticketing and innovations in cashless payment. (Etherlive to present future technologies) Event Management is not what it used to be. It is more professional and a team effort, whether it is a small event or a big one. Events are a bigger deal today than they were last decade. They no longer are

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) Research Paper

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) - Research Paper Example This technique has made it possible for people that do have a specific genetic condition to avoid passing it on to their off spring (Ashcroft, 2013, p. 218). It is important to make a distinction between pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and preimplantation genetic screening. The diagnosis procedure refers specifically to the situation whereby one or both of the genetic parents of a child in question actually has one or more numerous types of serious genetic abnormalities. If this is the case, the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis procedure can be performed on a particular embryo to determine if it also carries that specific genetic abnormality as well. Pre-implantation genetic screening, on the other hand, is a procedure that is performed when embryos from genetic parents are thought to be normal from a chromosomal perspective, but the genetic parents are screened for aneuploidy (Ashcroft, 2013). The purpose of the pre-implantation genetic diagnosis procedure is, to a large degree, to ensure that only unaffected embryos end up being transferred to the uterus for implantation. This is a viable alternative to the current diagnostic procedures that are typically run after naturally conception has occurred. Examples of this include amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. These tests are often followed by difficult decisions having to be made if abnormal results are achieved, such as deciding to terminate the pregnancy. This issue is quite important today as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis remains the only option that is currently available for parents who are genetically predisposed to certain serious genetic diseases to avoid giving birth to a child that will have the same disease. This must take place prior to the embryo being transferred, or lasting psychological and emotional harm may occur (Dayal, 2010). The

African religion and christianity Essay Example for Free

African religion and christianity Essay Although Africa was not a plain or bear continent, Africans had their way of life, structure of government, religion, economic activities, education,systems of marriage and development plans for their societies, nevertheless the British brought their systems which conflicted with Africans established way of life, this was because the British, as many other European powers were economically depressed and Africa appeared to be the only way out.The British wanted to pass the three C’s; Commerce, that is to make money through acquisition of free labour form Africans, raw materials for their industries as industrial revolution back in Britain was rapidly taking place, market for their surplus production; Christianity to save Africans as alluded in the Gospel of Saint Mark 16 versus 5 Go ye to the entire world, baptizing all men in the name of Jesus. †Explorers such as David Livingstone, Vasco Da Gama, Portuguese Diego Cam and Arabs with Muslim faith had missionary zeal. The last C is for Civilization, they wanted to civilize Africans in terms of education, culture and many other aspects I will bring out later in this essay. RELIGION Black`s Law Definition of religion; This is man`s relation to Divinity, reverence, worship, obedience, and submission to mandates and precepts of supernatural or superior beings. In a broad sense, it includes all forms of belief in the existence of superior beings exercising power over human beings by volition, imposing rules of conduct with future rewards and punishments. AFRICAN RELIGION Awolalu defines African religion as â€Å"†¦largely written in the people’s myth and folktales, in their songs and dances, in their liturgies and shrines and in their proverbs and pithy sayings. It is a religion whose historical founder is neither known nor worshipped; it is a religion that has no zeal for the membership drive, yet it offers persistent fascination for Africans, young and old.† The African traditional religion was not homogeneous as the communities had different ethnic background thus the religious practices such rituals varied one community to the other. It is worth noting that it was oral, not scripted or written and was passed from one generation to the other by word of mouth as I earlier alluded in the Awolalu definition of religion. Within their organized societal structures, Africans believed in supernatural beings together with ancestral spirits.The ancestral spirits were believed to link the living societal members to the gods. We all agree that one cannot talk about African religion without African values as they are intertwined and inseparable. African religion was embedded in moral values or codes or standards which were believed to originate from God through the ancestral spirits, these values when followed or observed one would be rewarded with maybe good harvest from their cultivation of land or increased number of a flock of cattle. When these values have violated the culprits were reprimanded, for instance, adultery was highly condemned therefore in case a member engaged in it he or she could be punished by God through the ancestral spirit. This punishment could be through the infliction of sickness to the culprit or barrenness. The concept of values is a vital point as one talks of the African religion. African religion is drawn from the African values. The African religion had some institutions which presided over religious functions, these institutions were believed to communicate directly to ancestral spirits (living dead) who in turn would communicate to the gods and grievances of the living societal members would be heard. In the Kenyan context, these institutions include Orkoyot of the Nandi, Oloibon of the Maasai, Seers, Diviners, and Rainmakers depending on the ethnic communities which they came from. These institutions apart from the veneration of the ancestors, they blessed warrior before going for war, advised the political leaders, offered sacrifice to god and conducted rituals for the culprits who violated moral values in the community. The gods had some specific names for instance, in Kenyan context, we had Enkai for the Maasai, Encore for the Abagusii, Mulungu for Akamba, Asis the Nandi, Ngai for the Agikuyu and Nyasaye for the Luo. There were specific worship places which were regarded as holy, this places included shrines, mountaintops some special trees such as mugumo, hills, and some caves. The diversity of the names given to gods and places of worship, show the lack of uniformity in the African Religion. This concludes that Africans were of different ethnic background and had their own religion, gods, and religion as a community. CHRISTIANITY This is a religion based on the life, teachings, and practices of the person of Jesus Christ. The origin of Christianity is drawn from a character, believed to be the Son of God. It is a religion more about the relationship between one and Jesus rather religious practices. A Christian, as the name suggests is a follower of Christ. The origin of Jesus of extra-ordinary or Supernatural happening as it is believed He was conceived by the power of Holy Spirit and born of a Virgin. This small description ascertains the definition of religion as I had earlier defined it. Christianity is practiced through reading the Bible and attendance of services for the Protestants and Mass for the Catholics. The religion is scripted or written in the Bible which is the reference for all who ascribe to Christianity. It contains all the rules guidelines, commands that Christians should observe their entire life. These guidelines govern human relationship to one another and their relationship to their God.there no diverse Christians as all of them draw their beliefs from Jesus Christ through reading and exercising their beliefs from the Bible.Christianity is a homogeneous religion or rather uniform. There are institutions such Priests, Bishops and Catholic Fathers who lead other Christians in worship. These people undergo theology training for them to undertake their duties. There are specific places of worship where Christians congregate. These places are Churches or Chapels. THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES. They mainly to spread Christianity and Commerce†¦Dr. David Livingstone, I go back to Africa to make an open pass for Christianity and Commerce.† The first encounter is dated from the 15th Century. The Portuguese Christianity introduction to Africans in the East African Coast. This, however, had very little success. By 19th Century Christian missionaries arrived in East Africa they included: 1.The Holy Ghost Fathers 2.The Church Missionary Society 3.The Methodist Fathers 4.The Mill Hill Fathers THE ENCOUNTER I) Source/origin of Religion The Africans believed that their religion was sourced from god, who they believed long before their ancestors’ existence. The British Missionaries conflict with Africans by telling them about the existence of a God who had a son and lived among us many years ago. The religion of British was written (Bible) thus one had to have the ability to read and write in order to understand it, whereas that of African was passed from generation to generation by oral tradition. There is an introduction of a new system of identifying the origin of religion which conflicts with the African system. II) Places of worship The Africans revered in special caves, Mountaintops, hills, Forests, Special trees (mugumo) and shrines. The British tell Africans that they should worship God places called Churches. This encounter shows that there is a bit of clashing as the African places were very clearly defined and preserved by the community members. The British also seized African land to construct churches or chapels, Africans, as a result, became very hostile as they had distinct worship places which occurred naturally. They believed that their land was for cultivation and a gift from their gods. III) The Practices of Religion The Africans practiced their religion by reverence to their ancestors, offering human and animal sacrifices and invoking the ancestral spirits. They offered sacrifices in order to get favors in terms of harvest. The African worship was communal that is, all community members used to convene to pray for rain and ask for the wellness of the community. The British religion had an aspect of confession of one`s sins before worship, repentance, and forgiveness of sin are granted. This aspect of forgiveness of sins lacks in the traditional African religion, one had to be punished for wrongdoing. British missionary religion brings out an aspect of offerings in terms of money and tithe which is ten percent of one`s total earnings. IV) Religious leaders In African religion, worship was led by Diviners, Rainmakers, and Seers who were considered righteous. The work of religious leaders was taught through apprecentiship and was hereditary from specific clans in the community. There were certain clans from whom diviners would descend. They were highly respected in the community. The British Christian religious leaders attend school to be trained mainly on theology. They study formalities of worship and nature of God. Any member of Christian family can become a religious leader although there are some myths which say one has to be ‘called’ by God. The Christian leader has to have the ability to read and write so as to pass the scriptures to his congregation. V) Uniformity of Religion As I handled earlier in this essay, the African traditional religion was diverse from one ethnic community to the other due to the linguistic differences, migration patterns and origin. Christianity is introduced as a homogeneous religion as the author of it is Jesus Christ, a common ancestry and reference point for all Christians. The diversity of worship is dismantled by the British introduction of this even religion. As I have pointed above there are distinct differences between Traditional African Religion and the British Christianity and how both systems fought to outdo the other. The African religion had deep roots in the society as it was passed orally through stories, myths, riddles and proverbs which were very appealing to the audience. These deep roots were however uprooted as change is inevitable in every circumstance. As an old adage, ‘one man’s meat is another man’s poison.’ The British struck the Africans struck back but were easily overpowered, and gave in. The British were gradually using religion as a tool to pass several other systems to the Africans. Education which traditionally was based on oral tradition was easily eliminated as most Africans wanted to quench their thirst for knowledge, for those who resisted religion soon began to embrace this Whiteman’s way of worship.

Holden Caulfield And The Stages Of Grief English Literature Essay

Holden Caulfield And The Stages Of Grief English Literature Essay There are seven stages of grief through the process of life and back. These stages are denial, depression, anger, bargaining, guilt, reconstruction, and eventually acceptance. Different stages of grief are represented through the main character Holden Caulfield in the novel, The Catcher in the Rye. Three stages of the stages of grief stands out the most and are focused on as Holden goes through the process of eventually accepting his loss. In the novel the Catcher in the Rye, the character, Holden Caulfield, goes through the many stages of grief, such as, anger, denial, and depression, after the death of his brother, Allie. Two stages such as anger and denial in the stages of grief are represented when Holden retraces one of his memories after Allies death. The memory Holden shares with us, is the time when he decides to spend a night in his garage Through his anger from his brothers death, Holden rampages in the garage, breaking all of its windows. From this scene, Holden shows the stages of anger and denial. I slept in the garage the night he died, and I broke all the goddamn windows with my fist, just for the hell of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it was very stupid I have to admit, but I hardly didnt even know I was doing it, and you didnt know Allie (Salinger, 39). During that night, Holden expresses his anger and denial by breaking all of the glass windows and not admitting why he did so. From the loss of his brother Allie, Holden expresses his anger and denial physically and mentally. Holdens anger was expressed through his actions of physically breaking the garage windows with his fist, and his stage of denial was represented by him not admitting why he did so. According to Sarah Cifelli, Holdens denial of his brothers death leads him to take action in the garage, and when asked why he did so, Holden doesnt admit and take credit for what he has done. His inability to accept the loss of his brother becomes clearerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The action of breaking an entire garage full of windows poses questions, but the main point is, he did not admit the reason for breaking them (Cifelli 2006). Although both of the stages of anger and denial are present here, the most important stage represented is actually denial. By Holden not admitting why he broke t he windows in the garage in the first place, the stage of denial is the most important stage represented here. As Sarah Cifelli has stated before, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the main point is he did not admit the reason for breaking themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ shows that Holden still believes that Allie is still alive, which leads to the main reason of why Holden took the action of breaking all of the windows. In another memory Holden shares with us in the novel the Catcher in the Rye, the stage of denial and depression are present as he tries to maintain both his innocence and relationship with Allie. Holden Caulfield wants to be the Catcher in the Rye. In other words, he wants to catch all the children who are falling off a cliff into adulthood. Both of the stages are represented together as Holden catches everyone from losing their innocence. And Im standing on the edge of some crazy cliff. What I have to do, I have to catch everybody if they start to go over the cliff-I mean if theyre running and they dont look over where theyre going I have to come out from somewhere and catch them. Thats all Id do all day. Id just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know its crazy, but thats the only thing Id really like to be. I know its crazy (Salinger, 173). During this scene, Holden is trying to tell his little sister, Phoebe, that he wants to keep everyone safe and to catch them from falling off a cliff. By catching people from falling off the cliff, Holden is referring to stop kids from growing up and losing their innocence from the adult world. Holden wants to protect those that he loves and whom he is close to. Besides his little sister Phoebe, Holden also wants to protect all of the children and their innocence. Becoming the catcher in the rye in Holdens mind, this means that he still wants to catch Allie from falling off the cliff. Being that Allie is already dead, this shows that Holden is in denial of Allie ever dying. This also relates to Holdens depression in a sense that Holden is not going to accept the fact that he needs to grow up and join adulthood rather than playing games and all. As everything around Holden is telling him to grow up, Holden turns away from what he thinks will bring him farther apart from his relationsh ip with Allie. As Parthkatri states in the following quote, he helps explain that Holden doesnt want to change and would rather be with his brother Allie as a child. Unfortunately, Holden doesnt realize that Allie is dead, and therefore kicks him into the stages of denial and depression. Holden is not willing to accept the inevitability to changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ After Allies death, Holden equates the loss of innocence from the changes of the adult world (Parthkatri 2009). Basically, Holden is in fear of growing up because of two reasons. One being that his brother Allie died as a child and another because Holden believes that all children hold their innocence before they lose it in the adult world. The stage of grief represented here are denial and depression because Holden wants to maintain his relationship with Allie as a child and hold onto his own innocence, but at the same time, Holden is on the verge of becoming an adult, forcing him into more stress and difficulty leaving him to depression. Therefore, Holden wants to protect children and catch them from falling into the adult world. Meanwhile, Holden is actually on the verge of falling himself off of the cliff and onto the lap of adulthood. As Parthkatri has explained before, Holden doesnt want to change, but as he continues on his journey in the novel, the world is showing him that he has to change because growing up is a part of life and you cannot run away from it.

Analysis for Expansion of Starbucks

Analysis for Expansion of Starbucks Introduction: The history of Starbucks starts in Seattle in 1971.Three friends Jerry, Zev Siegal, and Gordon Bowker who all had a passion for fresh coffee, opened a small shop and began selling fresh roasted , gourmet coffee beans and the brewing and roasting accessories .The company did well, but things began to change in 80s. First Zev Seigal sold out in 1980.Yet at that time, Starbucks was largest roaster in Washington with six retail outlets. In 1981 a plastics salesmen noticed the, number of drip-brewing thermoses that Starbucks was buying from Hammerplast, the manufacturer that he represented. A brief history of Starbucks: Starbucks has always been the place to find the worlds best coffees. But in 1971, you would have had to travel all the way to out first-and at that time, only store in Seattles first Pike Place Market. 1970s : The first Starbucks opens. The name comes from Herman Melvilles Moby Dick, a classic American novel about the 19th century whaling industry. The seafaring name seems to be appropriate for a store that imports the worlds finest coffees to the cold, thirsty people of Seattle . 1980s: Howard Schultz joins Starbucks in 1982. While on a business trip in Italy, he visits Milans famous espresso bars. Impressed with their popularity and culture, he sees their potential in Seattle. Hes right after trying lattes and mochas, Seattle becomes coffee-crazy 1990s: The demand for great coffee allows Starbucks to expand beyond Seattle, first to the United States, then further a field. After becoming one of the first companies to offer stock options to its part-time employees, Starbucks becomes a publicly traded company. 2000s: The Starbucks phenomena continues. At the time of writing Starbucks has more than 15,000 locations across the globe. In addition to our excellent coffees and espresso drinks, people now enjoy Tazo tea and Frappuccino and ice blended beverages. Howard Schultz: In 1982 Baldwin hired Schultz as a new head of marketing and shortly thereafter sent him to Milan to attend an international housewares show in Italy. Schultz went to Verona and had his first cafe latte. But he observed something more important than the coffee. The cafe patrons were chatting and otherwise enjoying themselves while sipping their coffees in the elegant surroundings. It was an aha moment as inspiration struck. A great idea : Schultz describes that moment as epiphany, why not create community gathering places like the great coffee house of Italy in the united States? Could the old world meet the new world? If it succeeded , it would be marketing genius. By 1983 the marketing manager had a vision of recreating the magic of romance behind the Italian coffee bar and wanted to test out the concept of selling the espresso by the cup. II Giornale and Starbucks go their separate ways : When Starbucks coffee is opened its sixth store in downtown Seattle, the coffee was a hit , it was an immediate success. Schults, however branched out on his own and opened a coffee house named Italys largest newspaper , The Daily or II Giornale., Two months later , the new store was serving more than 700 customers a day , and it was selling 300 percent more than the Starbucks locations. Sell out : This is my company now. In 1987 the owners of Starbucks coffee company decided to sell their coffee business , along with the name, to a group of local investors for $3.7 million. Schultz raised the money by convincing investors of his vision that they could 125 outlets in the next five years. He also changed the II Giornale bare- breasted mermaid logo into a more socially acceptable figure. The company name changed from II Giornale to Starbucks, and finally he converted the six existing Starbucks, roasting shops into elegant , comfortable coffee houses. The era of growth : Starbucks coffee history was just beginning to take shape. Starting from a base of 17 store in 1987, the company expanded rapidly to other cities: Vancouver, Portland and Chicago. By 1991 Starbucks has also expanded into the mail-order catalogue business and licensed airport stores and further into the state of California. In1992 the company went public, and after the intial offering of public Starbucks continued to grow at a phenomenal pace that no one had ever seen in the coffee world before. By 1997 the number of Starbucks coffee stores grew tenfold, with location in United States, Japan, Singapore. Other business extension : Not satisfied enough with just a store house coffee, Starbucks expanded several other products and brand extensions. Offering Starbucks coffee on United Airlines flights Selling premium teas through Starbucks own Tazo company. Using the internet to offer the people the option to purchase Starbucks coffee online. Distributing whole bean and ground coffee to supermarkets. Producing premium coffee ice cream wit Dreyers. Selling CDs in Starbucks retail stores. The Starbucks shows how the once small regional roaster, selling coffee beans, became an international corporation with with more than 9000 locations in 34 countries serving 20 million customers or more a week. In fiscal 2004 , Starbucks reached a record 1,344 stores worldwide. 2. Objectives And vision: Commitment to safety and customer service. Low unit cost. Strong branding. Strong corporate culture. To increase the loyalty with the average customer visiting the company at least twice a week . By the year 2011 the consumer under thirty years of age should account for 35% of total sales. Increase in the target market without detracting from older consumers. To become the preferred coffee house established for the age group of the under thirties. To increase the net profit margin to 12.5 %. To increase the profit level by 15% per annum over the next ten years. Mission Statement: Establish Starbucks as the premier purveyor of the finest coffee in the world while maintaining our uncompromising principles as we grow 3. Features Of Starbucks : Instant Coffee: This is not instant coffee as you know it .this is a rich , flavourful Starbucks coffee in an instant . Starbucks had found a way to offer a truly great cup of coffee that u can prepare by just adding water. Other instant coffees taste flat and lifeless. Its made with the highest quality, ethically sourced 100% Arabica beans. The magic is in a proprietary, all natural process that we spent years perfecting. We micro grind the coffee in a way that preserves all of their essential oils and flavour. No other company takes this step, and it makes all the difference. Sales And Expansion: Starbucks always choose beautiful location and atmospehere where people can enjoy their coffee. It opened its first locations outside Seattle waterfront station in Vancouver, British Colombia and Chicago, Illinois, that same year. At the time of its initial public offering on the stock market in 1992, Starbucks has grown to 165 outlets. International Expansion: Starbucks is serving for all the coffee lovers in many countries in the world. Currently Starbucks is present in more than 55 countries across the globe. Fair Trade: In 2000, the company introduced a line of fair trade products of the approximately 136,000 metric tons (300 million pounds) of coffee Starbucks purchased in 2006, about 6 percent was certified as fair trade. 4. Marketing Strategy Of Starbucks: Starbuckss marketing strategy involves positioning the local Starbucks outlet as a third place(besides home and work) to spent time, and the stores are designed to make this easy and comfortable. The cafe section of the store is often outfitted with comfortable stuffed chair. There are ample electrical outlets providing free electricity patrons using or charging their portable music devices or laptop computers. Most stores in U.S and some other markets also have wireless internet access (although this access is not free, as it is in some independent coffee shops). The company is noted for its non-smoking policy at all it outlets, despite its prediction that this would never succeed in markets such as Germany, where there are otherwise few restrictions on smoking. Outlets in Vienna and Mexico city, which have smoking rooms separated by double doors from coffee shop itself, are the closest company has come to making an exception. According to the company, the smoking ban is to ensure that the coffee aroma is not adulterated. The company also asks its employees to refrain from wearing strong perfumes for similar reasons. Starbucks generally does not prohibit smoking in outside seating areas. Starbucks generally does not offer promotional prices on its products. It has a reputation for having pricey drinks, though as of early 2006 Dunkin doughnuts charged even more for a large cup of coffee ($1.95 vs. $1.80 at Starbucks). In late 2006, Starbucks announced that it would raise prices by $0.05 USD, at the beginning of new fiscal year, October 2, 2006. 5. SWOT Analysis: Strengths Revenue targets: Starbucks corporation is a very profitable organisation, earning in excess of $600 million in 2004. The company generated revenue of more than $5000 million in the same year. Brand Awareness: It is a global coffee brand built upon a reputation for fine products and services. It has more than 10000 cafes in almost 55 countries. Leading company: Starbucks was one of the top Fortune Top 100 companies to work for in 2005. The company is respected employer that values its work force. Strong Ethics and Mission: The company has strong ethical values and mission statements as follows, Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business Locations: Starbucks coffee shops locations are at convenient places like library, shopping malls and etc. Weakness Pricing: Pricing of Starbucks are higher as compared to the competitors. Business spreading: The organisation has a strong presence in the United States of America with more than three quarters of their cafes located in the home market. It is often argued that they need to look for a portfolio of countries, in order to spread business risk. Lack of internal focus: Starbucks lacks in internal focus as its focuses too much on its expansion. Control on stores: Starbucks have less control on stores outside the U.S, and also ever increasing number of competitors in the market. Dependant on retail market: The organisation is dependant on a main competitive advantage, the retail of coffee. This could make them slow to diversify into other sectors should need the arise. Opportunities Added opportunity: Starbucks are very good at taking advantage of opportunities. In 2004 the company created a CD-burning service in their Santa Monica (California USA) cafe with Hewlett Packard, where customers create a own music CD. Fair Trade Products: New products and services that can be retailed in their cafes, such as fair trade products. Market penetration: Entry into Asian market like Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and also this market penetration is done even in several International countries. Global Expansion: The Company has the opportunity to expand its global operations. New markets for coffee such as India and the Pacific Rim nations beginning to emerge. Co-Branding: Co-branding with other manufacturers of food and drink, and brand franchising to manufacturers of other goods and services both have potential. Threats Coffee cost: Starbucks are exposed to rises in the cost of coffee and dairy products. Customers Choice: Who knows if the market for will grow and stay in favour with customers, or weather another type of beverage or leisure activity replace coffee in future? Copy cat brands: Since its conception in Pike Place market, Seattle in 1971, Starbucks success has lead to market entry of many competitors and copy cat brands that pose to potential threats. Coffee pricing: Starbucks have variation in coffee prices in developing countries Security: Security risk at crowded places can also be one of the major threat. 8. Porters Five Forces The food or beverage industry is one of the growing industries today. A company need to analyse both macro and micro-environmental factors. Porters five forces ,model helps the companies to have an edge over rival companies and help to better understand the current market. Porters five forces are the internal factors that have a direct impact on the current market and helps to affectively compete in the market place. The threat of intensity of industry rivalry The threat of the entry of new competitors The threat of substitute products or services The bargaining power of Suppliers. The bargaining power of customers (buyers) The threat of intensity of industrial rivalry: Small speciality coffee shop chains and independent coffee shops Costa, Nero in Europe; Caribou coffee, Van Houtte, Peets Coffee and Tea company in Canada and USA. McDonalds McCoffee Dunkin Donuts Nestle? The threat of new competitors: Starbucks has a very strong brand name which is built over a period of time. Any new competitor into coffee business need to invest lot of money for advertising and marketing to get set in the market. Economies of scale high economies of scale are required to compete with the already established companies. Distribution channels the top retailers have established powerful global distribution channels. Well known brand names and difficult distribution. The threat of substitute products or services: Choosing less expensive alternatives than the luxury coffee that Starbucks offers. Other substitutes of the coffee are the caffeinated soft drinks. The bargaining power of suppliers: Fair Trade. It ensures that the coffee farmers would be paid fairly for their crops Increasing number of speciality coffee buyers. Supply and price can be affected by multiple factors in producing countries, including weather, political and economic conditions. The company buys coffee using fixed-price and price to be fixed purchase commitments, depending on the market conditions, to secure and adequate supply of quality green coffee. Expansion: The Starbukcs will have power on its suppliers by how much the Starbucks expansion is done The bargaining power of buyers: Buyers play a significant role in the Porters forces and this scenario has a great advantage. Buyers are the individual consumers who do not buy large quantites and do not have any influence over the price. Presence of substitutes. No switching costs. High risk of backward integration. 7. Marketing Mix Strategy The Starbucks brand, marketing mix is kept value with very good upshot. The steadiness of the product goes well with its price for very good products, the place are known as beign very comforting for customers apart from if the free way is next door. The atmosphere is so peaceful for customers. The product, price, place, promotion show evenness in the reputation of being a clean and upmarket coffee shop. Price: The amount of money a buyer must give to the seller for a specific quantity of the product is the price of that product and usually consumers use this as an indicator of quality (Dalrymple parsons, 1986). Price and quality determines the value of the product. When launched, Starbucks was expensive and was positioned in accordance with that. They always tried to deliver the high value promised to the consumers. They bought the quality beans, gave effective and efficient training staffs, and moreover, made an atmosphere to enjoy coffee, meet fellow people and take a break from the busy life. These all justify and their pricing and show how price supported their positioning. Product: Starbucks tried to positioned themselves as a premium product in the coffee industry by creating a high standard, introducing innovative products and providing excellent service. Schultz knew how perishable the coffee was and they take care on coffee control, and hence carefully they monitored each step of coffee production. Usage of non-fat milk and introduction of Frappuccuino made a significant presence in the balance sheet of Starbucks. Moreover, they provided seasonal offerings such as strawberry and cream Frappuccuino in summer and ginger bread latte in Christmas, were introduced. Gradually food items such as cookies, pastries, salads, sandwiches made they way into the stores. Place: Distribution channels link the organisations product or service to its consumers; and in a producer consumer channel, as in the case of Starbucks maintaining personal relationship with the customers in significant (Brassington pettitt 2000). As demand grew, these store clusters made them able to manage the increase traffic and to keep their competitive position. In the same way they took care about the service provided in the stores. Howard Schultz aimed to unlock the romance and mystery of coffee in coffee bars, and he knew how important the role of baristas in achieving that. Baristas experience in engage the customers was the heart of Starbucks experience. Thus they differentiated in the market by constantly providing higher quality service. Promotion: All marketing activities that attempt to stimulate buyer action or sales of a product can be considered as a promotion (Shrimp, 1977). Starbucks used to organise a big community event prior to the opening of its stores. Artworks are designed to boast the each citys personality and it was used on commuter and T-shirts. They also recruit local ambassadors from new partners and to customers to promote their brand. They dint use advertising but they used those funds for acquiring key locations. Starbucks tried to establish a national dominance before other speciality coffee bars into the picture. 8. PESTLE Analysis: PESTLE analysis stands for Political, Economical, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental analysis. PESTLE analysis provide macro-environmental factors that a company has to tale into consideration. It is useful as strategic tool for understanding maket growth or decline, business position and direction for operations. Legal and Political factor: The factors that include the stability of country in which Starbucks purchases its coffee and other raw goods. Coffee is grown in some pretty dicey areas. Also they proclaim to be environmental friendly, so they have to cosider how to protect the brand aspect in everything they do form increasing the shade of share grown and organic coffee, for providing a living wage that makes it to individual farmers, to have production techniques with low pollution rates. Right now, Starbucks has two action suits pending since 2001. The law suits entitled Carr Vs Starbucks and shields Vs Starbucks are challenging the status of Starbucks California store managers and assistant managers as exempt employees under California wage and hour laws. Starbucks also only imports all their coffee beans, so possibly threats could include a change in import laws. The change in the status as far as imports could greatly affect numerous areas of production for the company. For example if it cost more to import or the process is made more difficult the result could ultimately change in price, which would affect the level of consumption for Starbucks coffee. Economic factors: Economic factors are an important aspects that concerns the nature and direction of the economy in which the firm operates. Since the relative affluence of various market segments will affect the consumption patterns, companies must take this into consideration when planning its strategy. The companys net revenue increased from $1.3 billion fiscal 1998 to $ 1.7 billion in fiscal 1999 due primarily to the companys store expansion program and comparable store sale increases. As a part of its expansion strategy of clustering store in existing markets, Starbucks has experienced a certain level of cannibalization has been justified by incremental sales and return on new store investments. This cannibalization, as well as increased competition and other factors, may continue to put downwards pressure on the companys comparable store sales growth in future periods (www.Starbucks.com). Social Factors As a result from the economic factors Starbucks closely following their objectives, the company has installed a list of principles that further outline the companys willingness to make sure that its affect on the environment is as positive as possible. These principle are stated as: Understanding of environmental issues and sharing information with our partners. Developing innovative and flexible solutions to bring about change. Instilling environmental responsibility as a corporate value. Measuring and monitoring each our progress for each project. Encouraging all partners to share in our mission. Recognizing that fiscal responsibility is essential to our environmental future. The importance of these guidelines is further illustrated by the companys mission to show leadership towards environmental issues. Starbucks does not just rest on its laurels, it demonstrates through participating and organising activities such as neighbourhood clean-ups. Further examples of the companys action towards friendliness include the recycling and reusing of resources in order to enhance the lives of the people around the world (www.Starbucks.com). This illustrates the integrity of the company as they can sometimes sacrifice the opportunities if they dont follow the company stands for. In addition to the waste reduction, Starbucks also aims to reduce energy usage and once again demonstrates this by doing energy audits and then using the result to change store design or procedures so that they save as much as energy possible. Technological factor: Starbucks has developed a web-site that allows its customers to buy speciality items and coffee directly through internet. Consumers can also research products, look up current financial info, current Starbucks store location and also see answers to some of the sites most frequently asked questions. Coffee in Starbucks is made with 4 special but simple fundamental steps, firstly, use the right proportion of the coffee to water. Second the brewing process is short: third, use flesh, cold water heated to just off the boil; fourth, use fleshy ground coffee. Customers besides having coffee and flesh food in the shop. Starbucks also provides to go service and bottled which have different tastes like hazel nut, mocha, vanilla, caramel, etc. All those beverages are flesh food are handcrafted and may be customized. Environmental Factors: Starbucks has a wide range of business activity. These activities help company to use numerous channels of product distribution. With the company operating in many locations worldwide environmental factor plays a major role in marketing decisions. Each distribution channel affected differently and the companys flexibility in the marketing plan allows the company to adjust their strategies to meet the needs of the environmental factors. Starbucks provides a work environment treating others with respect and dignity. The company embraces diversity as an essential component in the way Starbucks does business. Starbucks believe that the company should enthusiastically satisfied customers all the time and contribute positive to our communities and our environmental and recognise that profitability is essential to our future success (Starbucks.com, 2008). Starbucks owns and operates its own facilities, warehouses and retail stores giving the company control of product design, shipping and receiving. The companys strategy is to sell premium products and pricing the products as high as the market will allow. Starbucks brand awareness is very important and by introducing new products developing new distribution channels. Starbucks is one of the leading company in sales of coffee and coffee products in the domestic and global markets. The companys management policies have allowed Starbucks to grow and prosper as an organisation. 9. Ansoff Matrix Ansoff matrix allows companies to explore ways to grow business with existing products or services and new products in existing and/or new markets. This helps companies decide what action should be taken. Ansoff matrix has four combinations: Market Penetration Product development Market development Diversification Market penetration: Market penetration is done when a company penetrates a market with the current products. It is important to know that the market penetration strategy begins with the existing consumers of the organisation. Market development: This occurs when the market you are analysing make some sort of change or advancement. Using the Starbucks example, market development has occurred over the past couple of years as customers are becoming more health conscious. Preferences are moving toward different types of teas/drinks and customers are demanding more healthy alternatives. These factors have aided to market development, with different franchise popping up, such as Argos tea, which become direct competitor to Starbucks. Product Development: In response to the market development mentioned above, Starbucks is introducing new product developments in order to compete with companies aiming to offer customers more health conscience drink options. Enter the new product, Skinny lattes and low fat/calorie syrups at Starbucks. Diversification: Due to the saturation of U.S. coffee market, and the decreasing of their gross profit margin, Starbucks has started to move from having a concentrated business strategy to a diversification strategy. Starbucks has realised that once a market matures that it is too risky to b concentrated, and we agree that they should keep diversifying their business product lines in an effort to stay profitable, and competitive. They should diversify into products such as candy, bagels, and other food related products. Conclusion Starbucks has been increasing its debt every year, and at a pace that is faster than their assets are growing. This is why we chose the firm to slow down its expansion and its focus more on marketing their products. In such a saturated market as the one that they are in Starbucks needs to focus on increasing consumer awareness and to decrease debt as much as possible. In closing we believe that Starbucks can become even more profitable if they slow down their expansion and concentrate on the stores that they already have open. Starbucks, its brand and products are at the maturity stage of product life cycle(PLC). Change in a more and more competitive market is essential The Perfect Blend will give Starbucks a new, unique and future oriented brand image. (www.docstoc.com) 9. Starbucks Future: Name president for European operations Mark McKeon will be responsible for strategic entry and growth into Europe. Plans to open at least 400 stores during 2000. Enhancing information systems Starbucks submitted plans to build or renovate at least 10 stores around the world. These store are designed or redesigned around green building principles. This puts Starbucks in line to meet its mandate to have all new stores be LEED certificate by the end of the year. The company began converting all lights in its stores to LED technology in 2010. Starbucks estimates that 1,000 stores have undergone the lighting retrofit. The company expects this change significantly reduce its energy consumption. Starbucks bought enough renewable energy certificates to have 25% of its electricity generated by clean energy sources. The company has a goal having a 50% of electricity produced by renewable energy in 2010. 10. Recommendations Revamp the employee reward system Large percentage of staff are under the age of twenty. Benefits package focuses on medical, dental, and vision care, as well as employee stock options. Outside of hourly wage, and semiannual raises, there are few monetary rewards. Tighten focus on creating the Third Place environment. Site has a very high employee turnover rate Manager Promoted to a another site in hopes of improving their poor performance Site has very poor handicapped accessibility Conditions of restroom in each of our visits was poor and no baby changing area. Focus Profitability Measures On More Than Just Staffing Store is underperforming some high margin product segments Too high focus on minimizing direct labour as a key to achieve profitability Focus on high-margin items and profitable add-on sales By increasing pastry sales by 33%, store would realise a $16K increase in contribution.

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae :: Medical Biology Medicinal Essays

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae Life History: Corynebacterium diphtheriae is the microbial causative agent of diphtheria; however, it is the exotoxin produced by pathogenic strains of the bacteria that cause the symptoms of the disease. Non-pathogenic strains are normal inhabitants of the oral cavity and lack the bacteriophage DNA to produce exotoxin. Pathogenic C. diphtheriae can localize in different parts of the body, including the nasal cavity, the naso-pharynx, the larynx, and the skin. Depending on the localization, the symptoms range from slight to severe (death). The bacteria are spread by direct person-to-person contact; concurrently, humans are the reservoirs for C. diphtheriae. Since the introduction of a vaccine in the 1920’s, diphtheria has not been prevalent in developed countries. Conversely, it is endemic in developing countries, especially in the former countries of the USSR. Characteristics: C. diphtheriae are non-motile, aerobic, gram-positive bacilli (rods). Viewed with a microscope, the bacteria are club-shaped and group in patterns that resemble Chinese characters. Little is known about the details of the adhesion mechanism of C. diphtheriae, but the bacteria are known to produce a neuraminidase. This enzyme is able to split N-acetylneuuraminic acid, which is found on the surface of animal cells. This may facilitate bacterial entry into the host cell. There are four biotypes of C. diphtheriae, gravis, mitis, belfanti, and intermedius. Only intermedius can be differentiated by colony morphology; small, gray, or transluscent lipophilic colonies compared to larger, white or opaque colonies of the other biotypes. In addition, the biotype intermedius is rare in clinical infections, while the belfanti biotype rarely carries the tox gene. Virulence: C. diphtheriae are capable of producing exotoxin. The diphtheria toxin gene, tox, is located on a bacteriophage genome; thus, bacteriophage infection is necessary for virulence. tox is negatively regulated by diphtheria toxin repressor (DxtR), located on the bacterial chromosome, in response to iron concentration within the cell. When iron concentration is low, DxtR does not repress the tox gene because it requires iron to be functional. Thus, when iron concentration is low, the tox gene is transcribed and toxin is produced. Diphtheria toxin is made up of a single polypeptide chain with two portions, A and B. The toxin attaches to a cell membrane receptor of the host cell and is engulfed by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Once inside the vesicle, the disulfide bond between the A and B portion is cleaved and the A portion enters the cytosol, where is can resist degradation for a long period of time.

Chasing Amy: A Disregard for Societal Norm Essays -- Chasing Amy Essa

You know, I didn't just heed what I was taught, men and women should be together, it's the natural way, that kind of thing. I'm not with you because of what family, society, life tried to instill in me from day one. The way the world is, how seldom it is that you meet that one person who just gets you - it's so rare. My parents didn't really have it. There were no examples set for me in the world of male-female relationships. And to cut oneself off from finding that person, to immediately halve your options by eliminating the possibility of finding that one person within your own gender, that just seemed stupid to me. Alyssa Jones, the heroine of Chasing Amy, calmly explains this in order to reaffirm her love for her boyfriend, Holden. In this quote, Alyssa exudes that she has always felt that individuals mustn’t falter to societal heteronormativity. In society, there is an accepted standard, and that standard is heterosexuality; anything that falls outside of that social norm is seen as wrong. Alyssa was adamant about not allowing herself to fall under the ideal that a male partner was the only acceptable end goal in life. The particular agenda that Alyssa set for herself, along with other characters dealing with promiscuity, homosexuality, and homophobia are the reason that I have chosen to analyze Kevin Smith’s film, Chasing Amy. In this essay, I aim to establish that Chasing Amy serves as a positive stride for gays and lesbians within a heteronormative culture. Chasing Amy centers around two freelance comic book writers/best friends, Holden and Banky. A homosexual acquaintance, Hooper, introduces Holden to a fellow comic book writer, Alyssa. Holden immediately falls for Alyssa and strikes up a close relationship with ... ...iewers from making the same sort of mistakes. Chasing Amy serves as a milestone for all those who choose to work against what they are taught as being socially acceptable and opens the door to social change. WORKS CITED Â ¨ Pharr, Suzanne. "Homophobia and Sexism." The Differences Among Us: Division and Connections (1988): 416. Â ¨ Ochs, Robyn. "Bisexuality, Feminism, Men and Me." Sexuality and Relationships (1992): 165. Â ¨ Zimmerman, Bonnie. "What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist." Making a Difference: Feminist Literary Criticism 179. Â ¨ Kehoe, Monica. "Historical, Literary, and Erotic Aspects of Lesbianism." Journals of Homosexuality 1. Â ¨ Rust, Paula C. Rodriguez, Paula C. Rust, and "Bisexuality in the United States: A Social Science Reader." Criticisms of the Scholarly Literature on Sexuality for its Neglects of Bisexuality 1. Chasing Amy: A Disregard for Societal Norm Essays -- Chasing Amy Essa You know, I didn't just heed what I was taught, men and women should be together, it's the natural way, that kind of thing. I'm not with you because of what family, society, life tried to instill in me from day one. The way the world is, how seldom it is that you meet that one person who just gets you - it's so rare. My parents didn't really have it. There were no examples set for me in the world of male-female relationships. And to cut oneself off from finding that person, to immediately halve your options by eliminating the possibility of finding that one person within your own gender, that just seemed stupid to me. Alyssa Jones, the heroine of Chasing Amy, calmly explains this in order to reaffirm her love for her boyfriend, Holden. In this quote, Alyssa exudes that she has always felt that individuals mustn’t falter to societal heteronormativity. In society, there is an accepted standard, and that standard is heterosexuality; anything that falls outside of that social norm is seen as wrong. Alyssa was adamant about not allowing herself to fall under the ideal that a male partner was the only acceptable end goal in life. The particular agenda that Alyssa set for herself, along with other characters dealing with promiscuity, homosexuality, and homophobia are the reason that I have chosen to analyze Kevin Smith’s film, Chasing Amy. In this essay, I aim to establish that Chasing Amy serves as a positive stride for gays and lesbians within a heteronormative culture. Chasing Amy centers around two freelance comic book writers/best friends, Holden and Banky. A homosexual acquaintance, Hooper, introduces Holden to a fellow comic book writer, Alyssa. Holden immediately falls for Alyssa and strikes up a close relationship with ... ...iewers from making the same sort of mistakes. Chasing Amy serves as a milestone for all those who choose to work against what they are taught as being socially acceptable and opens the door to social change. WORKS CITED Â ¨ Pharr, Suzanne. "Homophobia and Sexism." The Differences Among Us: Division and Connections (1988): 416. Â ¨ Ochs, Robyn. "Bisexuality, Feminism, Men and Me." Sexuality and Relationships (1992): 165. Â ¨ Zimmerman, Bonnie. "What Has Never Been: An Overview of Lesbian Feminist." Making a Difference: Feminist Literary Criticism 179. Â ¨ Kehoe, Monica. "Historical, Literary, and Erotic Aspects of Lesbianism." Journals of Homosexuality 1. Â ¨ Rust, Paula C. Rodriguez, Paula C. Rust, and "Bisexuality in the United States: A Social Science Reader." Criticisms of the Scholarly Literature on Sexuality for its Neglects of Bisexuality 1.

Animal Farm-The hunger for power Essay

The Hunger for Power In kindergarten, many usually want to be the line leader. For some, leadership comes naturally and taking charge of things is what they like to do. For others, it is easier to stay in the shadows and let other people lead. However, this leads to problems when one person or group pirates power and uses it to one’s advantage. In the novel, Animal Farm, the author, George Orwell, creates a story where animals revolt and expel their neglectful owner, Farmer Jones, from the farm. The pigs slowly start to form a dictatorship and rule over the other animals. They make up rules that benefit the pigs alone. Two pigs that fight for power, Snowball and Napoleon, begin to use fear and manipulation to get what they want while they still stay in favor of the animals. Pretty soon, the pigs start to adopt Farmer Jones’ ways. They start to become more like the humans that they learn to fear and hate at the beginning of the revolution. In the novel Animal Farm, George Orwell uses the lit erary devices of symbolism, foreshadowing, and metaphors to demonstrate the theme of hazards of dictatorship. There are many symbols in Animal Farm. The novel is an allegory, or a symbolical narrative, that reflects on the problems of the dictatorships of Czar Nicholas II and Joseph Stalin. Soon after the revolution, Napoleon starts to take charge over the other animals. â€Å"Napoleon was a large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar†¦with a reputation for getting his own way† (Orwell 16). Napoleon gets his own way, especially with the help of the fierce dogs he raises to do exactly what he wants. This symbolizes how Stalin uses fear and intimidation, of his secret police, to get what he wants out of the people he rules over. It also helps that Napoleon is a pig, and in the novel, the pigs are known to be the smartest of the animals. Pretty soon, the pigs start to take advantage of the animal’s stupidity. â€Å"The pigs did not actually work, but directed and supervised the others† (Orwell 27). Here, the pigs manipulate the animals to think that the pigs are in charge, because they are the smartest and the brainwork of the farm. This represents how Stalin uses his propaganda, like Napoleon uses Squealer, to persuade the people that they need to work harder for the benefit of the new government because it is good for everyone in the end. In reality, it is not good for everyone. In the novel, the animal’s hardwork benefits the pigs alone. There is â€Å"evident weakness and vanity at  the core of the pig dictatorship† (Letemendia 129). V.C. Letemendia, author of â€Å"Revolution on Animal Farm,† describes the definite lack of unity and equality in the animals’ new government. Whenever the pigs manipulate the animals and trick them to do or think a certain way, it is for the pigs’ own good, not the good of the whole farm. That is the weakness this author describes in his work. Dictatorship corrupts because of the vanity and greed of the dic tators. The pigs, as dictators of the other animals, use manipulation to benefit only themselves and their wants. The pigs set themselves above all the other animals. They think they get special treatment and discredit the other animals even though they do all the work on the farm. The pigs counter this argument and claim they are the brainwork of the farm. The pigs start to trick the animals, and slowly, they lead them under their power. At first, the pigs and the other animals seem unified, but then the equality they portray with the animals starts to rapidly diminish. As a reader, one can foreshadow things to come in the novel, especially when the pigs slowly lead the other animals under their power and dictatorship. The pigs and the animals no longer seem equal as the pigs start to manipulate the animals to do what they want. The pigs start to take advantage of the stupidity of the other animals. They also start to claim certain privileges over the other animals, and to prove that they deserve these privileges, they use their convincing pig Squealer. â€Å"†¦the milk and the windfall a pples should be reserved for the pigs alone† (Orwell 36). Here, the pigs request privileges that benefit only themselves. This predicts that the pigs become more like leaders over the other animals just like Farmer Jones. The more the pigs set themselves above the other animals, the more one can predict that the pigs’ power eventually assists them when they become dictators. Old Major, the wise old pig, warns the animals about the possible rise of a single power if the animals do not follow the commandments. â€Å"Above all, no animal must ever tyrannise over his own kind. Weak or strong, clever or simple, we are all brothers†¦All animals are equal† (Orwell 11). Old Major, who is very wise, predicts that if the animals do not come to understand that they are all equal, and they are all â€Å"brothers†, then they will not successfully uphold their dignity and the dignity of all the animals. Old Major warns of a tyranny of one kind of animal over the other types of animals. The pigs form a dictatorship and believe they are  above everyone else because they are the smartest. Even though the pigs use their power over the other animals, the animals still rely on the pigs because they are not very smart. The pigs think they need to step in and take over the role of the smartest leaders. â€Å"The increasingly tyrannous doings of the pigs who run the farm†¦flawless reciprocal trust or all perish together† (Ridenour 39). Louis Ridenour, author of Animal Farm is an Amusing and Alarming Novel, describes how the tyranny of the pigs who overpower the other animals increases throughout the novel. The pigs start with something small, and they take the privilege to eat any of the apples away from the other animals. Then, pretty soon, the animals enter servitude under the pigs. Dictatorship corrupts because of the vanity and greed of the dictators. This shows how the pigs, as dictators of the other animals, use manipulation to benefit only themselves and their wants. They start to trick the animals, and slowly, they lead them under their power. The pigs demand special privileges for themselves and they start to tyrannize over the other animals until the animals pretty much do their work for barely enough food to keep them alive. Even though wise Old Major warns the pigs, they do not heed his words and instead the meaning of, â€Å"All animals are equal,† goes to waste when the pigs turn it around and make rules and privileges to benefit the pigs’ selfish wants† (Orwell 11). The pigs’ greed for power shows when they start to follow in the footsteps of the human, Farmer Jones, who they successfully overthrow in the animals’ revolution. The hostile gap between animals and humans clearly shows in Orwell’s novel, especially during the revolution on animal farm. The animals’ enemies are the humans, and vice versa, because each group covets the other group’s power. They each want that power for themselves. Both the pigs and the humans show a hunger for power and dictatorship. â€Å"†¦pigs and humans may come to look the same at the end, but they are still essentially enemies and share only a greed for power† (Letemendia 133). V.C. Letemendia, author of â€Å"Revolution on Animal Farm,† is describing the greed and overuse of power both the humans and the pigs come to have. Each are victims of greed and selfishness. They are not enemies of eachother, but rather, they are enemies of greed and want of the other group’s power. Orwell depicts the hostility between the animals and humans very well. He states, â€Å"All men are enemies. All animals are comrades† (Orwell 10). The animals think that to work well together and be â€Å"comrades,†Ã‚  one has to be an animal. Animals can never be friends to humans because they are evil, and therefore an animal must always consider humans as enemies. Part of the reason the animals are hostile to the humans is because Farmer Jones does not treat the animals with respect, and instead he neglects his duties to take care of the animals. When his neglect goes too far, the animals rebel against him and establish themselves as the power and therefore take the responsibility of the farm. The animals, under their oppressor Farmer Jones, are miserable and want to end their hardships. After the revolution, they simply go back to their miserable ways when the pigs form a dictatorship and become the animals’ new oppressors. â€Å"No animal in England is free. The life of an animal is misery and slavery: that is the plain truth† (Orwell 7). Orwell compares the lives of the animals with the misery and slavery they are forced to endure under their many oppressors who are Jones and the pigs. The animals never know freedom because of the constant dictatorship of their many oppressors, humans and animals. The animals think their enemies are only Jones and all humans, when in reality, their true enemies are the dictators that rule over them and the greed those dictators have for power. The animals’ lives consist of fear for themselves, and of course, fear of the slavery they must endure. Constantly they endure many toils and hardships under their irresponsible oppressors. The animals, under their cruel dictators, do not realize their lives will be better if Jones becomes their owner again. They are very confused because of the persuading words of the pigs, that they do not even remember when Jones became their owner. George Orwell, author of Animal Farm, uses the literary devices of symbolism, foreshadowing, and metaphors to present the theme of hazards of dictatorship. The pigs symbolize dictators, such as Joseph Stalin, who use their power to benefit only themselves and their wants. Just like Stalin and other dictators, the pigs set themselves above all the other animals. Pretty soon, the pigs start to take advantage of their intelligence, and the animal’s stupidity. They use fear and manipulation to achieve the power that they want. This represents how Stalin uses his propaganda to persuade the people that they need to work harder for the benefit of the new government because it is good for everyone in the end. When a dictatorship occurs, the ones of lesser importance or the ones with less power are not treated with respect or dignity. They are cheated, their  rights are abused, and their oppressors use manipulation to remain with power. The pigs demand special privileges for themselves and they start to tyrannize over the other animals. One can realize the pigs’ hunger for power when they start to follow the ways of Farmer Jones, who they want to successfully overthrow in the animals’ revolution. The hostility between the animals and humans clearly shows in Orwell’s novel, especially during the revolution. The animals, at the start of the novel, are hostile to Farmer Jones and his power over them. The animals, under their oppressor Farmer Jones, are miserable and want to end their hardships. They think they are better off without the dictatorship of their master. After the revolution, the animals simply go back to their miserable ways when the pigs form a dictatorship and become the animals’ new oppressors. In Animal Farm, Orwell believes that all revolutions come to fail. When a revo lution occurs, the original power is overthrown, and maybe for a while, the group as a whole work together for the good of everyone. Then, as every group with a goal must have a leader, dictatorship is established and the group falls back into the state of oppression once more.